LE BIOETHANOL DE SECONDE GENERATION. LA PRODUCTION D'ETHANOL A PARTIR DE BIOMASSE LIGNOCELLULOSIQUE: La production d'éthanol à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique
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LE BIOETHANOL DE SECONDE GENERATION. LA PRODUCTION D'ETHANOL A PARTIR DE BIOMASSE LIGNOCELLULOSIQUE: La production d'éthanol à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique
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Without prejudice to Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, policies supporting renewable energy should be predictable and stable and should avoid frequent or retroactive changes. Policy unpredictability and instability have a direct impact on capital financing costs, on the costs of project development and therefore on the overall cost of deploying renewable energy in the Union. Member States should prevent the revision of any support granted to renewable energy projects from having a negative impact on their economic viability. In that context, Member States should promote cost-effective support policies and ensure their financial sustainability. Moreover, a long-term indicative schedule covering the main aspects of the expected support should be published, without affecting the ability of Member States to decide on budget allocation in the years covered by the schedule. Grubb PJ (2015) Trade-offs in interspecific comparisons in plant ecology and how plants overcome proposed constraints. Plant Ecol Divers 0874:1–31 Xu G, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Korpelainen H, Li C (2013) Effect of warming on extracted soil carbon pools of Abies faxoniana forest at two elevations. For Ecol Manage 310:357–365 Some chemicals could be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Almost all are derived from the sugars obtained by hydrolysis of the cellulose component. [19] Principal component analysis (PCA) in a correlation matrix, was carried out using the data matrixes compiled by the dependent variables in analyses (a) and (b). In the correlation matrix, the data were centered and scaled based on the variables means. Variables means that demonstrated high square cosines were considered for the most explanatory principal components (PCs); then, these were singled out for further analysis through one-way ANOVAs and the post hoc Tukey’s honestly significant ( α = 0.05) to test for the significant differences between scores. In all cases, the dependent variables that did not fulfill the assumptions of a normal distribution were transformed into ranks suitable for parametric statistical analysis [ 42]. In addition, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the empirical indexes and some parameters in analyses (a) and (b), separately.
Throup, James; García Martínez, Juan B.; Bals, Bryan; Cates, Jacob; Pearce, Joshua M.; Denkenberger, David C. (2022-01-01). "Rapid repurposing of pulp and paper mills, biorefineries, and breweries for lignocellulosic sugar production in global food catastrophes". Food and Bioproducts Processing. 131: 22–39. doi: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.10.012. ISSN 0960-3085. S2CID 243485968. Galván-Hernández DM, Lozada-García JA, Flores-Estévez N, Galindo-González J, Vázquez-Torres SM (2015) Altitudinal gradient effect on morphometric variation and leaf symmetry of Platanus mexicana Moric. Rev Chapingo Ser Ciencias For y del Ambient 21:171–183 To create opportunities for reducing the cost of meeting the Union target laid down in this Directive and to give flexibility to Member States to comply with their obligation not to fall below their 2020 national targets after 2020, it is appropriate both to facilitate the consumption in Member States of energy produced from renewable sources in other Member States, and to enable Member States to count energy from renewable sources consumed in other Member States towards their own renewable energy share. For that reason, the Commission should put in place a Union renewable development platform (‘URDP’), enabling trading renewable energy shares between Member States, in addition to bilateral cooperation agreements. The URDP is intended to complement the voluntary opening of support schemes to projects located in other Member States. The agreements between Member States include statistical transfers, joint projects between Member States or joint support schemes.
U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (June 2006). "Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda. Report from the December 2005 Workshop" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-07 . Retrieved 2008-01-19. Hemicellulose Lignine Cellulose Bioéthanol : le contexte (4) Les polymères pariétaux de la biomasse lignocellulosique Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Ethanol de seconde génération • Le contexte • Le procédé Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Poletto M, Zattera AJ, Santana RMC (2012) Structural differences between wood species: evidence from chemical composition, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 126:E337–E344 Hames BR (2009) Biomass compositional analysis for energy applications. In: Jr Mielenz (ed) Biofuels, methods in molecular biology. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 145–167
Considering that the energy mix for electricity generation for the outermost regions is made up to a large extent of fuel oil, it is necessary to allow an appropriate consideration of greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria in those regions. It would therefore be appropriate to provide for a specific fossil fuel comparator for the electricity produced in the outermost regions. Member States should ensure effective compliance with their specific criteria. Finally, Member States should, without prejudice to support granted in accordance with support schemes in accordance with this Directive, not refuse to take into account, on other sustainability grounds, biofuels and bioliquids obtained in accordance with this Directive. This prohibition is intended to ensure that biofuels and bioliquids that comply with the harmonised criteria provided for in this Directive continue to benefit from the trade facilitation objectives of this Directive, including as regards the outermost regions concerned. Bioethanol: Le contexte (3) Liquid biofuel blending share targets (EC) • 2005: 2 % • 2010: 5.75 % (9 Mt EtOH) • 2020: 10 % (13 Mt EtOH) (% in energy content) • Roadmap may depend upon States, e.g. France • In USA • 2015 : 15 % EtOH in gasoline 90 Mt EtOH (50% corn = 45 Mt !) • 2030 :30 % EtOH in gasoline 160 Mt EtOH European Council, March 8-9, 2007, conclusions: A minimum ratio of 10% biofuels of the total consumption of gasoline and diesel oil for transportation in EU, this target having to be achieved by 2020 in all Member States, at a reasonable cost. This target is justified, if the production has a sustainable feature, if second generation biofuels are on the market and the directive on the quality of biofuels has to be modified accordingly to plan the suitable blending levels. Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008Bioéthanol: le procédé (2)Le prétraitement • Le prétraitement • aim: making cellulose available to the action of enzymes or catalysts (sometimes leads to fractionation, e.g. hemicellulose hydrolysis) • technology: physical-chemical, several competing technologies (steam explosion, diluted acid, thermohydrolysis at 200°C, ...) • constraints: energy consumption, degradation of sugars, formation of toxic compounds, continuous feeding of reactors under pressure, corrosion, dry matter concentration Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Increasing population and industrialization are continuously oppressing the existing energy resources and depleting the global fuel reservoirs. The elevated pollutions from the continuous consumption of non-renewable fossil fuels also seriously contaminating the surrounding environment. The use of alternate energy sources can be an environment-friendly solution to cope these challenges. Among the renewable energy sources biofuels (biomass-derived fuels) can serve as a better alternative to reduce the reliance on non-renewable fossil fuels. Bioethanol is one of the most widely consumed biofuels of today's world. We discuss the application of various methods for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to end products i.e. biofuels. The lignocellulosic biomass must be pretreated to disintegrate lignocellulosic complexes and to expose its chemical components for downstream processes. After pretreatment, the lignocellulosic biomass is then subjected to saccharification either via acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis. Thereafter, the monomeric sugars resulted from hydrolysis step are further processed into biofuel i.e. bioethanol, biodiesel or butanol etc. through the fermentation process. The fermented impure product is then purified through the distillation process to obtain pure biofuel. D. M. Alonso; J. Q. Bond; J. A. Dumesic (2010). "Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels". Green Chem. 12 (9): 1493-1513. doi: 10.1039/c004654j.
Emmanuel V, Odile B, Céline R (2015) FTIR spectroscopy of woods: a new approach to study the weathering of the carving face of a sculpture. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 136:1255–1259 Bioéthanol: le procédé (6)Bilans • Bilan masse dépendant de la matière première (1 t MS) • Exemple : teneur en cellulose = 40 % (m/m) • (hémicellulose : 25 % -20% xylanes, lignine : 20% ) • Rdts : • prétraitement 93% • hydrolyse 85 % • fermentation 46 % • Ethanol final : 160 kg (rdt = 70% / théorique) • + potentiellement 200 kg xylanes + 200 kg lignine • + potentiellement 86 kg éthanol ex C5 Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Güleç, Fatih; Parthiban, Anburajan; Umenweke, Great C.; Musa, Umaru; Williams, Orla; Mortezaei, Yasna; Suk‐Oh, Hyun; Lester, Edward; Ogbaga, Chukwuma C.; Gunes, Burcu; Okolie, Jude A. (12 October 2023). "Progress in lignocellulosic biomass valorization for biofuels and value‐added chemical production in the EU: A focus on thermochemical conversion processes". Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. doi: 10.1002/bbb.2544. Burton RA, Fincher GB (2014) Plant cell wall engineering: applications in biofuel production and improved human health. Curr Opin Biotechnol 26:79–84Main current projects (1) • Europe • Sekab E-Technology (ex Etek) : • (2 t/d) in Sweden (NILE) • Wood • Biogasol (DK) • Greencell (Abengoa Bioenergy) • Location: Salamanca (Spain) • Raw material: wheat and barley straw • Capacity : 4000 t/y ethanol (70 t/d raw material) • Starting in 2007 Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008
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