The Nature of Code: Simulating Natural Systems with Processing

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We next examined the effect that olfactory ablation had on HD cells in blind animals. To test this, used an alternative method to reliably identify HD cells in ADn regardless of whether or not they exhibited strong tuning preferences for head direction. Previous work 50 noted that HD cells in ADn exhibit highly distinctive autocorrelograms. Similarly, we found that HD cells in ADn maintain their distinctive autocorrelograms in blind animals and following OSN ablation (Fig. 5f, Supplementary Fig. 5). Following Veijo and Peyrache 50, we implemented a machine learning approach, using Extreme Gradient Boosting 51 (XGB) to classify neurons as either HD or non-HD cells based on the shape of their autocorrelogram. First, we used our standard method to define cells as either HD cells (which rely on cells having highly selective preferred firing directions for a given head direction; see Methods) or non-HD cells, and trained the classifier using an equal number of HD and non-HD cells from WT L mice. To assess model generalizability, here, the classifier was validated on data from blind controls (pooled rd1 and Gnat1/2 mut mice; Fig. 5g). Furthermore, the classifier characterized a similar percentage of cells in ADn in blind animals with intact OSNs and following OSN ablation (Fig. 5h; see Methods). We, therefore, used the classifier to define HD cells in ADn of blind mice following OSN ablation, allowing us to compare their response properties with HD cells in blind animals with intact OSNs. By using the same model to identify HD cells in blind controls and OSN ablated animals, we found that OSN ablation led to a significant decrease in vector length (Fig. 5i). These results indicate that removing olfaction from blind animals results in untuned HD cells in ADn. Olfaction can modulate HD cell tuning in sighted animals Scandalous: How the UK government shut down its Ethics Committee after it tried to intervene on the vaccination of children

Chaos at Congressional Halloween party: House Republicans all show up wearing identical clown costumes Full size image The olfactory system is required for stabilizing head direction cell tuning in blind animals Earliest evidence for mass production of weapons in southern Levant discovered, sling stones dated to 7,200 years ago Contraceptives may slow brain development and increase risk-taking behavior in teens, study suggests

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Theoretical physicist, Dr. James Gates, Jr. The idea that we live in a holographic universe that uses a form of quantum "computer code" to create the physical reality is not a new idea. In the 1940s, some physicists suggested that we live in a "computer generated" universe. In the video at the end of this article, physicists James Gates talks about this form of computer code, which he refers to as "adinkras". If we look at the computer from the outside, our artwork looks solid. If we take apart the outside layers of the computer and watch in slow motion how its hardware works beyond the microscopic level, we will see that it is made of vast streams of electrical currents. Electrical currents are another form of energy. where I refers to the information content in bits/spike , P j is the probability of occupying bin j, λ j is the mean firing rate in bin j, and λ is the in-session mean firing rate of the cell. Preferred firing direction (PFD): Similar to Lozano et al. 97, PFD was defined as the angular bin with the highest normalized spike counts, whereas the mean PFD refers to the circular mean of angles. In Fig. 1e, stability was assessed based on the circular correlations of mean PFDs of exposure 1 and 2 across all recorded animals. Circular statistics were computed using the astropy module (v5.1) in Python. Intraclass correlation (ICC)

Retired US Army Colonel says secret UFO projects should be made public by October 2030 - to beat America's rivals and get ahead of a 'catastrophic' leak Next Pandemic Propaganda: The "Big One," Nipah, Ebola and Marburg, SARS1, Machupo, "Vampire Virus", Disease X Don't mention the V word: 'Spike in strokes, cardiac arrest among young since Covid', says study in India Hubel and Wiesel discovered a critical period during development for ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex 66, and similar critical periods have been shown to exist for many other sensory systems and behaviors 67. Here, we provide evidence of a critical period in the refinement and maturation of the HD system in ADn that depends on visual inputs in the period shortly after eye-opening—the evidence being that rd1 mice, who have attenuated vision upon eye-opening before going blind around P30 40, 47, have more refined HD cell tuning as adults than congenitally blind Gnat1/2 mut mice. Both rd1 and Gnat1/2 mut mice go blind due to problems with retinal photoreceptors. rd1 mice go blind as a result of photoreceptor degeneration caused by a mutation in phosphodiesterase in rod photoreceptors (due to a mutation of the Pde6B gene), which initially leads to rod death followed by cone death, and this is a commonly used mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa 39. Gnat1/2 mut mice are blind as a result of mutations in both rod and cone forms of the alpha subunit of the G-protein transducin (due to mutations in both Gnat1 and Gnat2 genes), resulting in nonfunctioning rod and cone photoreceptors (see Methods). As the mutated genes in both mouse lines are predominantly expressed in photoreceptors, it is likely that the difference in HD cell tuning in blind adult Gnat1/2 mut vs. rd1 mice is a direct result of the timing of the onset of vision loss (congenital vs. ~P30). We thus propose that vision around the time of eye-opening allows the HD cell system to stabilize (i.e., upon eye-opening, vision enables HD cells to exhibit heightened stability in their preferred direction tuning 29, 30), and this stability results in refinement and maturation of the HD network, such that though both rd1 and Gnat1/2 mut are equally blind as adults, rd1 mice have more refined HD cell tuning. These findings are consistent with multisensory studies in the superior colliculus, which showed the importance of vision during development for enabling the generation of normal auditory space maps 43, 44, 68. Attractor dynamics in the presence and absence of anchoring external sensory inputswhere \({\sigma }_{b}

Best of the Web: Gunung Padang: Giant pyramid buried in Indonesia could be oldest in the world, initial construction began 27,000 years ago The HD network is often modeled as a continuous ring attractor 11, 18, 19, 20. Evidence in favor of an attractor network is plentiful, from the finding that the relative difference in preferred directions between a given pair of HD cells is maintained across different environments and during visual cue rotation experiments 21, to the finding that HD cells that fire coherently during spatial navigation continue to do so during sleep 11, to the finding that before eye-opening—when HD cell tuning curves are broad—pairs of cells exhibit similar coherence during spatial navigation as is seen in the adult HD system 22, 29, 30. Furthermore, a recent manifold analysis has validated a one-dimensional ring as a robust description of the rodent HD network 19. Our results in blind mice are consistent with those of a continuous ring attractor. Performing a manifold analysis revealed a one-dimensional ring attractor similar to that found in normally sighted animals. Additionally, upon ablating OSNs in blind animals, while this completely removed stability of HD cell preferred direction, attractor dynamics and the ring architecture remained intact. Air Force officer breaks silence on 'red, glowing UFO the size of a football field' hovering at low altitude over California space launch baseFull size image The vibrissal system is not required for head direction cell tuning in blind animals in the open-field environment where HD actual and HD iso refers to the actual and Isomap decoded HD, respectively. Next, the angular difference over time was unwrapped and smoothed with a Gaussian kernel (s.d. = 2), from which drift was computed as the absolute average rate of change (Fig. 7e). The shuffles shown in Fig. 7j were computed by correlating the AHV of each animal to the ADV of all other animals to generate a null distribution of AHV vs ADV correlations. Quantification of ADn units The idea that we live in a holographic universe is very real. With the invention of quantum computers, physicists should soon be able to prove this beyond a reasonable doubt. So, what does it mean that we live in a holographic universe generated by some kind of quantum computer? It means that the Universe was created by an intelligent creator, and therefore it was not created by accident. In other words, the Prime Creator exists! Best of the Web: Ancient Sumerians invented water flumes thousands of years earlier than previously thought listo] Expertos plantean temores de salud pública sobre el síndrome de microondas de las antenas 5G