It corresponds to the relevant plastic section modulus W pl multiplied by the steel yield stress f y: For typical Circular Hollow Sections (CHS) the geometric properties of the cross-section are defined in the following standards: The plastic section modulus W pl corresponds to the maximum plastic bending moment when the axial force of the cross-section is zero and the stress profile is fully plastic. Due to symmetry the centroid of the cross-section (center of mass) as well as the shear center are located at the center.

Keyboard Control: You can use the calculator without a mouse by tabbing among the calculator keys. Press "Enter" when a key is focused. This method can be arduous however, since you must tab through all keys in sequence.The design elastic bending moment resistance of the cross-section is specified in EN1993-1-1 §6.2.5(2). Baglietto SRL have started providing bulb flats since 70s, remarking the significant request, initially from the ship-repairing field, so then specializing more and more in the shipbuilding sector also. Drills & Drill Bits VersaDrive HoleCutter Broach Cutters Adapters Impact Drill Bits Impact Reamers Step Drill Bits Drill Bit Tool Sets Magnetic Drill Machine Kits More Drills & Drill Bits For circular cross-sections and tubular cross sections the torsional constant I T is equal to the polar moment of inertia of the area I P that is given by the following relation:

Design properties for circular hollow steel sections (CHS) according to EN1993-1-1 Definition of the cross-section

Square Hollow Section- Hot Formed -BS EN 10210-2:1997

The plastic section modulus corresponds to the sum of first moments of the area of the two halves about a bending axis passing through the centroid. For elastic verification the yield criterion in EN1993-1-1 §6.2.1(5) is applied, i.e. the shear stress τ is limited the steel yield stress in pure shear f y / √3:

Therefore the presented cross-section resistances are indicative values applicable for special cases.The plastic section modulus W pl is calculated by adding the contribution of the external boundary and then subtracting the contribution of the internal void. Frameless Balustrade Residential Channels Commercial Channels Channel Accessories Stiffeners Pre-Assembled Posts Round Pre-Assembled Posts Square Pre-Assembled Posts Slotted Pre-Assembled Posts More Pre-Assembled Posts In general the overall element resistance is smaller and must be verified according to the relevant clauses of EN1993-1-1 Section 6.

They correspond to the gross cross-section resistance reduced by the steel partial material safety factor applicable for cross-section resistance γ M0 that is specified in EN1993-1-1 §6.1 for buildings, or the relevant parts of EN1993 for other type of structures, and the National Annex. The design torsional moment resistance of the cross-section for the case of St. Venant torsion is specified in EN1993-1-1 §6.2.7.The design plastic resistance of the cross-section in uniform tension is specified in EN1993-1-1 §6.2.3(2).